At the very end of his life, in combat on the open ground south of the Miller Cornfield at Sharpsburg, John S. Taylor was entirely fearless ...


J.S. Taylor  c. 1845

He was born in Norfolk, Virginia in 1820 to a family with a tradition of military service. His grandfather John Saunders had been a US Army Major General, and his great-grandfather Celey Saunders commanded the Virginia State Navy ship Thetis (1778) in the Revolution.

He began his own career in December 1836, then 16 years old, when he joined the US Navy.

Here’s a timeline of the major events I’ve found in his service and his life from that point.

1837 By July 1837 he was appointed Midshipman. Prior to the establishment of the US Naval Academy in October 1845, Midshipmen were largely trained at sea, on the job – initially by their commanding officers and chaplains, later by dedicated mathematics and other instructors. So I expect young Taylor spent most of the next 5 years at sea, learning his trade as a naval officer and taking on leadership roles of increasing responsibility.

1842  He sat for and passed the exams, and was warranted Passed Midshipman, the next rung on the command ladder, on 1 July.

1843  He was assigned as Acting Master – a ship’s navigation and sailing expert – to the USS On-ka-hy-e (possibly from the Oneida, “dancing feather”), a converted sailing yacht which saw service patrolling in the Caribbean for pirates and slavers.


Schooner Onkahye (1840-48)

Later in 1843 he was sent in that role to the sloop of war USS Vandalia, 18 guns.

1847  He was aboard Vandalia to June 1847, when he came ashore from sea duty.

1848  He then served in USS Brandywine, a 44-gun frigate, again as acting Master.  Brandywine was flagship of the US Navy’s Brazil Squadron, and she cruised the South Atlantic through 1850.


Frigate Brandywine (1825-64)

1849  On 23 June 1849 he was warranted as Master, and soon after commissioned at that rank, 4th of 11 officers “in line for promotion”.

1850  He was assigned to the sloop USS John Adams, then off the coast of Africa, but may not have immediately reported aboard. He had returned ashore, was examined by a board of officers, and was commissioned Lieutenant, USN on 5 February 1850. In that era it was a significant commission, and not easily obtained.  He had then been in service about 13 years but was not quite 30 years old.  While ashore, on 3 June, he married Virginia Williamson, also from Norfolk.  Her brother-in-law Dr. Robert Baylor Tunstall stood for her (her father had died in 1847). She had Naval officers in her family, so presumably she knew what the life was like. John was probably married in his new Lieutenant’s uniform.


Lt. J.S. Taylor  1850

1851 He was at sea again, possibly aboard John Adams, but came ashore in November. He was then assigned to the US Coast Survey (now the US National Geodetic Survey) and stationed at Norfolk into 1852.

1852  He was assigned as Lieutenant on the USS St. Louis, a 20 gun sloop of war.  She departed Norfolk for the Mediterranean Sea on 24 August 1852, where she cruised for the better part of three years.  One of his fellow officers, Gunner Moses A. Lane sketched their ship on that cruise:


Sloop St. Louis (1828-65) in the Med c. 1852

1855 St. Louis returned home, putting into New York City on 8 May. Lt. Taylor was probably aboard to September 1855, when he left sea duty for the last time. After almost 20 years of service, at age 35, he was furloughed and transferred to the Reserved List, probably at his own request. Although I don’t know why, for sure, an impending family event may have been a factor.

1856 On 23 May 1856 daughter Elizabeth Tunstall “Bettie” Taylor was born to John and Virginia in Norfolk.

1860 In the US Census John, clerk, wife Virginia, and daughter Bettie were counted in Norfolk.

1861 The Virginia Convention voted to secede from the United States in April 1861, and shortly afterward John S. Taylor resigned his US Navy commission and offered his service to his State. As a former US Navy officer who expressed interest, he was automatically offered a commission in the Virginia service. By June 1861 he was a Lieutenant in the Confederate States Navy (CSN), and assigned duty in charge of coastal defenses at Lambert’s Point, Norfolk, with a battery of 6 32-pounder guns. In October he was commissioned Captain of Artillery, Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS).

1862 In January he helped set up guns and train crews in the heavy batteries on Roanoke Island, NC, reporting to General Huger. He may have been promoted to Major later in the year, but the record is not clear on that. By the start of the Maryland Campaign he was with the Army of Northern Virginia, and temporarily assigned to the battalion of Colonel Stephen D. Lee. After Sharpsburg Colonel Lee wrote of him …

…I should have mentioned that two guns of Jordan’s battery, under Lieutenant Bower, were sent to an advance position [map] under Capt. John S. Taylor, but had to retire, owing to their exposed position and the fire of several batteries against them … Capt. John S. Taylor, Confederate States Artillery, temporarily attached to my staff, was killed in the morning while gallantly discharging his duties. He was entirely fearless, and always sought the post of danger, and his example did much toward inspiring his daring in all around him.

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Notes

I first came upon Taylor in Bobby Krick’s Staff Officers in Gray (2003) in this skeletal entry:

Taylor, John L. From Norfolk, Virginia. Connected with the CSN in some way. vadc to S. D. Lee’s Bn. Arty., from about Sept. 1, 1862. mwia at Sharpsburg – shot in the neck.

Obviously that was not satisfactory. Colonel Lee’s Report gave me a jumping-off point, and the Navy Register, a source I have not used much before, was tremendously helpful. Not just for details about Taylor, but as a more general education about the US Navy officer corps in the 19th Century. If you have interest in that direction, I recommend these volumes highly. The Hathi Trust has assembled digital copies of these online for the years 1825, 1848-50, and 1852-1970.

Among the many things I found looking at the period of Lieutenant Taylor’s service was this tidbit from the Secretary of the Navy. If you have seagoing or other sailing experience, you may be amused:

GENERAL ORDER.
United States Navy Department,
Washington, February 18, 1846.

It having been repeatedly represented to the Department that confusion arises from the use of the “Larboard” and “Starboard”, in consequence of their similarity of sound, the word “Port” is hereafter to be substituted for “Larboard”.

GEORGE BANCROFT

Captain Taylor has a page, of course, on Antietam on the Web.

 

Sources

The battle quotes above are from Colonel S.D. Lee’s Report for Sharpsburg, from The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (OR), Series 1, Vol 19, Part 1 (Antietam – Serial 27) , Pages 844-847.

Taylor’s photographs are from an ambrotype and a daguerrotype, respectively, in the collection of the Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.

His naval record is in the Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps, from the volumes for the years 1848 – 1860.  Details from announcements in the Army and Navy Chronicle and United Service Journal in 1837, 1843, 1852, and 1855.

Confederate service in the Naval Defenses of Virginia, an attachment to Governor John Letcher’s Message from the Executive of 16 June 1861, Porter’s A Record of Events in Norfolk County, Virginia, from April 19th, 1861, to May 10th, 1862 (1892), and the OR (1880-1901).

The painting of USS On-ka-hy-e is by Charles Lundgren (1979), and is owned by Kent B. and Audrey Carol Lewis, of Small Boat Restoration.

The oil of The U.S. Frigate Brandywine/44 Guns/in Naples Bay 1832 (1832) is by Tommaso de Simone, and was offered by the Neal Auction Company.

His marriage date from Virginia Marriage Records for 1850. Family backgrounds from genealogists online and the Daughters of the American Revolution.

The watercolor sketch of USS St Louis by Moses A. Lane is among a collection of Lane’s papers [catalog entry] in the Princeton University Library, which also holds his journal from that 1852-1855 voyage.

2 Responses to “John Saunders Taylor, USN, CSN, CSA”

  1. Bob Murphy says:

    Brian. I’m always several steps behind you. I just came across Captain Taylor while reading the history pamphlet on Parker’s battery.
    As always you and your site amaze me.
    Oh well. Better late than never !!

  2. Brian says:

    Thanks Bob! Never too late. I’m always glad to hear when someone finds this material.

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